Bhandari’s seventh case study surveys the use of digital identity programs for accessing welfare services in Kenya, India, and Estonia.
“In cases where the digital identity system does not work in the way intended, there are clear exclusionary impacts of such uses, since welfare benefits may be denied to those who are unable to successfully authenticate their digital ID.”
By analyzing rule of law tests, rights-based tests, and risk-based tests, the authors are able to explore these cases of identity for welfare use from every angle.
The use of the digital ID for providing welfare services must be accompanied with proper risk assessment, which seems to be lacking in the above cases